Terminology
WIDE ANGLE - shot capturing areas to the extreme sides of the subject being photographed useful for spacial context and making the subject/object seem isolated.
LOW ANGLE - shot taken looking up at the subject//object to give more importance/strength
HIGH ANGLE - shot taken looking down on the object making the subject seem vulnerable
CANTED ANGLE - taken at a tilted angle to create a sense of disorientation
CLOSE UP - shot taken to capture one whole part of the subject/object e.g. the head of a subject/their hand
EXTREME CLOSE UP (ECU) - shot capturing a specific part of the close up e.g. a fingernail
MID SHOT - shot from waist up
LONG SHOT - shot framing the whole subject/object e.g. the whole of a person from their head to their toes
EXTREME LONG SHOT - shot where you see the person at a distance (often very far away) to give spacial understanding of their environment
AERIAL SHOT - shot from straight above the subject making the subject look vulnerable/as a judgemental shot also known as the "God Shot"
LANDSCAPE - wide angle shot of nature/buildings with an emphasis on form/shape
APERTURE - the function which controls the amount of light captured by the camera when taking a picture
ISO - relates to the sensitivity to light captured on the camera. In celluloid cameras this is chemically constructed, in digital cameras it is electronically constructed
F STOPS - a term referring to the aperture settings on the lens. A f 1.2 is a wide aperture with lots of light, f 22 is a narrow aperture with little light. f stops also affect the depth of field making background/foreground in focus
BOKEH - a term used specifically for shallow focus shots, with the background being blurred to the point of just being fuzzy circles
SHUTTER SPEED - how fast the film is exposed to the image, which can impact on the sharpness and light in the film e.g. a fast moving object to be in focus would need to have a fast shutter speed
DIGITAL ZOOM - used to electronically zoom into the object, however this compromises the quality of the image through pixelation. However this tool is very useful when used as a focussing device in setting up a shot
OPTICAL ZOOM - the natural zoom based on lenses capturing images from long distances
FIXED LENS - a lens with only one focal distance e.g. 50mm
ZOOM LENS - a lens which has multiple focal distances e.g. 18 to 110mm lenses
LENS FILTERS - glasses which are attached to the lens to create specific effects like polarisation, darkening the sky, warming the image or cooling it via a blue filter. When shooting in RAW, many of these effects can be digitally created now
FISH EYE - extreme wide angle lens, often 10mm to 15mm, creating a skewed, distorted shot
DSLR - digital single lens reflex camera, which in modern photography really refers to exchangeable lenses
SLR - single lens reflex camera. These are the old celluloid cameras with interchangeable lenses, but the term really relates to the fact that the viewfinder is placed in a mirrored position using reflections from the lens below
CELLULOID FILM - the traditional chemical method of capturing film which would need to be processed after filming has taken place.
CONTACT SHEETS - the thumbnail prints of a series of photographs from a shoot with shot numbers/technical data next to them. This is used as a method of selecting the best shot
DIGITAL STORAGE - the modern electronic way of capturing images using pixels
JPEG - method of storing film images, preferential for shapes and form
PNG - method of storing film images, preferential for lines and text
RAW - the original data stored on the data card in its natural form
RULE OF THIRDS (ROT) - fundamental theory of identifying natural points of interest
THE GOLDEN RATIO/SPIRAL/RECTANGLE - mathematical principle involving a rectangle being divided at a ratio of 4:6 repeatedly
PHOTOSHOP - a software enabling advanced editing
CROP - photoshop function allowing user to adjust the frame size of the picture
ART HISTORY BRUSH - photoshop function restoring original colour to images that have been edited
CONTENT AWARE - photoshop function allowing removal of unwanted objects
PEN - tool for selection areas of the image in photoshop for editing
QUICK SELECTION - tool for selecting areas of a similar type for editing
LAYERING - merging 2 or more layers of images to become one final image
DIGITAL FILTERS - adjusting temperature of image electronically or adding effects e.g. "oil"
HUE/SATURATION - colour and density of image
BRIGHTNESS/CONTRAST - level of light and clarity in the object
LIGHTSHOP - software by Adobe useful for contact sheets/organising pictures
BRIDGE - similar to Lightshop, good for viewing images in greater detail
BOUNCE - studio lighting tool reflecting light using white/gold/silver screen
3 POINT LIGHTING SYSTEM - using three sets of lights (2 from side, 1 from above) to create the traditional studio look, giving the subject depth, colour and contrast
KEY LIGHT - main source of lighting on the object
FILL LIGHT - filling in areas of the subject in a more subtle way than the strong key lighting, thereby giving depth
BACK LIGHT - light from behind or above which separates the subject from the background image
SIDE LIGHT - light from the side to give the subject more depth and dimension
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